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Paraphrase and summarise the literature of “The Ethics of
War and Peace Chapter 9” By Christopher Paul.
Paraphrase, Summary, and précis
Three writing
strategies that will help you understand what you are reading are the
paraphrase, summary, and précis. All three ask you to put the information that
you're reading into your own words.
http://www.writing.ku.edu/students/docs/paraphrase.shtml Accessed 26 Oct 07 "précis.doc"
What is the essence of a précis?
It is a short summary of the essential ideas of a longer
composition; the basic thought of a passage is reproduced in miniature,
retaining the mood and tone of the original. No interpretation or comment
should be interjected. It must possess clear, emphatic diction and effective sentence
construction. Its unity and coherence should be emphasized through smooth,
unobtrusive transitions. Your précis must be intelligible to a reader who has
not seen the original and should have solid compositional worth.
How to write a précis?
First, write an outline of the main ideas – those you see
as most important. Think of it this way – you are capturing the lecture for a
friend who missed the class and the material will be on an upcoming test.
Second, put your outline into sentence/paragraph form.
Do's and Don'ts of Précis Writing
Always state the name of the article/document, the author
and the source (is it from a magazine, book, encyclopedia, etc.)
Start your précis by stating the main idea of the piece.
Then you should begin presenting the argument that the author used to defend
this thesis.
Do not use the words "in this article." Use the
style "Crane argues that the most significant contribution of the Czechs
was . . " When writing about history, use the past tense.
Do not use abbreviations or contractions.
Count your "ands."
Avoid words like big, good, bad, little, and a lot. Also,
do not use the phrase "throughout history." This is cliché.
Titles of texts should be put in italics OR underlined.
RUN A SPELL CHECK!!!
http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~pbawa/421/precis%20writing.htm Accessed 4 Feb 2010 Text modified.
(Revised
5 April 2010, 28 Jan 2012) "précis.doc"
THE PRINCIPLE OF GOOD AUTHORSHIP IS THAT THE
READER NEEDS TO KNOW IMMEDIATELY, IN THE FIRST SENTENCE, THE NAME OF THE
**AUTHOR** AND THE **TITLE** OF THE ARTICLE.
TEMPLATE
ONE: AUTHOR BEFORE TITLE
NAME
DATE
COURSE ALPHA
AUTHOR,
in his TITLE, discusses three main points/argues that/ holds that/thinks that/
says that/emphasizes that/ proposes that/ and the like.
Martin
Luther King, in his The Philosophy of the Student Nonviolent Movement, reviews
the Civil Rights campaign in the South with special attention to the Student
Nonviolent Movement. . . .
TEMPLATE
TWO: TITLE BEFORE AUTHOR
NAME
DATE
COURSE ALPHA
In
his TITLE, AUTHOR talks about/says that/starts by saying/ and the like.
In
his in his The Philosophy of the Student Nonviolent Movement, Martin Luther
King makes six main observations on the Student Nonviolent Movement. . . .
OR
In
his TITLE, the AUTHOR'S main point is/main emphasis is on// and the like.
In
his in his The Philosophy of the Student Nonviolent Movement, Martin Luther
King's speech touches on the contributions of the Student Nonviolent Movement.
. . .
Precis
8: Military Necessity
Paraphrase
Christopher Paul tries to make one understand what
military necessity is, its scope, and how it differs from other concepts like
necessities of war. He acknowledges that it is easy to contradict the two.
According to Paul, the necessity of war entails the general perceptions of
suffering and hardships in a war, the means of resolving political issues, and
the byproduct of the necessities of war. When he turns to military necessity,
he says that it is consequent tension arising from tension in the act of
minimizing misery through rules and simultaneously using violence which in turn
causes suffering to innocent people. Paul admits that military necessity is not
violence-oriented, but the destruction of life during armed contests of war may
be unavoidable. Also, the definition for lawful and unlawful orders may be hard
to differentiate and lawful and unlawful orders, and this compromises the
protection of the innocent. Paul identifies two moral truths that he feels are
essential as we tackle military necessity issues; these include the fact that
all people deserve respect and human suffering has to be reduced. Sheldon,
while taking his position on military necessity he argued that it is possible
and important to shield the innocent in a combat field.
Summary
There is a substantial difference between military necessity and the necessities of war. Military necessity is the tension that is created during a war scene. Military necessity includes all the unavoidable course while avoiding misery to the innocent people during war combat. On the other hand, the necessity of war is a hard time in the attempt to resolve political problems. Military necessity does not entail provoking life and property destruction in a war, but it may be bound to happen as an unanticipated occurrence. The chapter also brings insight into the manner in which the combatants have a difficult time while taking orders and differentiating the lawful and the unlawful orders. The confusion between the lawfulness of orders results in the issue of protecting the innocent. It is important to consider that people deserve to be respected and their suffering be reduced even under the combat field. Military necessity cannot be used to defend combatants who do not align with rules...
