1. Provide two definitions of jihad, each in one sentence. 2. What are the most important political consequences of the first civil war (fitna) fought between supporters of Ali and Muawiya. Explain in 200 words or less. 3. Provide a one sentence definition for the following terms: Ijtihad: Ijma: Sunnah: Hadith: Ulama (or Ulema): 4. Name of Four Rightly Guided Caliphs in historical order? 5. According Ayoob (The Many Faces of Political Islam), Chapter 1, who are modern salafis and what is their religious ideology. Explain in 200 words or less. 6. According to Lapidus (Islamic Revival and Modernity), what is the relation between British colonialism and tajdid (renewal) in India? Explain in 200 words or less. 7. Provide a one-sentence definition for the following: Tajdid wa'l islah: shura: Dar al-Harb: Sharia: 8. According to Yenigun, what is the difference between Islamism and Muslimism? How does Yenigun link this distinction to the debates in early periods of Islam? 9. According to Patricia Crone (God's Rule), how were state-religion relations arranged during the reign of Muhammad? How did this change over time? Briefly explain in 200 words or less. 10. According to Kuru, what is the main cause of underdevelopment and authoritarianism in the Muslim world. Explain in 200 words or less.