In-Group/Out-Group Bias in Prosocial Behavior

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Numbers of pieces of research and their findings have attested that there exist a positive influence on the prosocial behavior which has been contributed by the tendency of the people to act voluntarily. According to Caprara & Patrizia (2007), a conceptual model which analyze self-efficacy value and transcendence have been seen to promote the prosocial behavior of in-group and out-group members in the society. On the same note, Einolf (2008), supports a conceptual framework that is concerned with 14 distinct prosocial behaviors. He offers a correlation that substantiates the effect of in-group and out-group on the behavior and argues that positive behavior can be more intense for members of the same group. The strong correlation is evident in most people's actions that play a vital role in correcting the behavioral perception.

Addressing the various aspects that are core in predicting the way a member is certain group is likely to behave, Eisenberg (2007) present a list of components showing the relation between members of the same group such as personal distress, sympathy, and empathy. Understanding these aspects enables the individuals in various groups to respond to behaviors that are displayed by different members or different groups. Also, Ellis & Lynne (2007) examines a moderation that can present biasedness among peer if the group that is engaging is composed of members that are deviant and aggressive. In his study, it was evident that the influence of behavior is not uniform and in most cases depends on the group status.

Finkelstein M. (2009) and Gebauer, et al., (2008), present a study that seems to incorporate the extrinsic and intrinsic motivation that could investigate the dispositional factors that have contributed significantly to behavioral disparity and biasedness. Intrinsic motivation was seen to bring the people together through the way they behave while the extrinsic motivation was responsible for bringing different groups together. Besides the authors agree on the model that ensures pleasure and pressure that imminently cause the biases for the various classes of people where self-esteem, self-actualization, and life satisfaction diverse significantly among different people.

Furthermore, different levels of motivation are important in influencing the prosocial behavior Grant (2008). Grant also provide a consciously stipulated model to solve intrinsic or extrinsic motivation has influenced the behavioral disparity that exists by using the determination theory that can predict the outcomes when an individual behave. On the other hand, research conducted by Gretemeyer (2009) has revealed that other than the extrinsic form of motivation, communication is the most powerful tool in addressing behavioral changes among the in-group and out-group members since, in most cases, intrinsic motivation might be overridden by subjectivity.

Hirschberger (2008) argues that mortality salience can contribute significantly to the prosocial behavior. This raises the central methodological problem. However, when an individual’s behavior interferes with the group’s principles and does not follow what other members do, it may lead to biases among themselves. By understanding the timelessness of one’s life, one can act positively and behave favorably in the society and among members of the same group. Besides, the objectivity of behavior cannot just be achieved through an open forum with a group that lacks a concession, but generativists have to exist to fructify the behavioral interactions (Hofer et al., 2008).

Various parameters exist that can be used to measure the behavior in prosocial and antisocial setups. Positive responses according to Kavussanu & Ian (2009), can be measured in the individual behavior by tracking the behavioral...