Write an essay of at least 1,500 words analyzing how the Fourteenth Amendment has been used by the Supreme Court to expand civil rights for African Americans, women, and Hispanics. In your essay, be sure to address the following: "strict scrutiny" and "intermediate scrutiny" as tests for deciding when a classification is unconstitutional; the effect of Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), Brown v. Board of Education (1954), and Loving v. Virginia (1967) on civil rights for African Americans; the effect of Reed v. Reed (1971), Roe v. Wade (1973), and Craig v. Boren (1976) on civil rights for women; and the effect of Hernandez v. Texas (1954), Plyler v. Doe (1982), and Arizona v. United States (2012) on civil rights for Hispanics.