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Darfur Conflict

Darfur, in Sudan, homes almost 80 tribes and several ethnic groups divided between sedentary and nomadic communities. The conflicts are attributed to the rebel’s unsolved stance by the government, where the rebels accuse the government of disregard of its non-Arab population and the western region. Porous borders and ethnic tensions are perpetrated by competition over resources and environmental degradation in Darfur conflicts, but the ongoing Carnage is also a result of the long-term ethnic marginalization by the ruling elites. Some of the key players in Darfur conflicts are the Janjaweed, Abdul Wahid al-Nur; Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM) leader, Minni Minawi; SLA, Abdallah Yehya; head of SLA, among other parties. Darfur Peace Agreement which involves the three signed cease-fight agreements signed by the Sudan government and the rebel groups in 2006, 2011, and in 2020 are some of the peace-keeping processes in the Darfur conflict (Bergholm). Darfur conflicts may be long-term conflicts that may not come to an end soon since the conflicts keep on recurring.

Darfur conflict is a product of a combination of various factors. Te conflicts cannot be attributed to a single cause. The conflicts are a combination of political, environmental, and economic factors. Environmental degradation and the ever-shrinking resources continually play a significant role in the conflicts. The area has a number of climatic zones, with the southern part being with the rich savannah and consisting of reasonable rainfall. The other area is the norther which is desert and extends to Egypt and Libya. The local chiefs had the authority to distribute land settle therein disputes which were not done fairly. The chief was not able to settle land because of the scrumble to the rich parts. Communicate disputes escalated to cause unrest, and the authority of the chiefs was eroded n return.  Conflicts between sedentary farmers and pastoralists, which were caused by changing land ownership patterns and environmental pressures, significantly caused the Darfur conflicts. The need for animal husbandry and zero-grazing by both the cattle and the camel nomads set in because of changes in climate. Harvesting seasons became unpredictable, and the struggle for the diminished resources began and consequently leading to conflicts (Parks, 541). The most common mechanism then employed tribal conferences arranged by the chiefs, the abolition of the institutions of chiefs, and the manipulation of the Sudan rulers in Khartoum made the resolutions impossible.

The other cause of Darfur conflicts is the porous borders and the ethnic tensions. The environmental degradation, as discussed above, as manipulation of Suda’s ruling elites intensified the rifts. The post-colonial government was dominated by Arab elites from the central and the northern parts of the country who, in turn, concentrated resources in their regions and forged their national identity using Islam and Arabism. Non-Arab and non-Muslim groups started resistance. The marginalized regions, like the red sea region and near Nuba Mountains, could not take the marginalization. The marginalization brought the rise of many resistance or rebel movements and more particularly in the southern part. The relationship between the Darfurians and the government in Khartoum continued to deteriorate ad deprivation continued. Chad and Libya, within the borders amid internal tensions, made conflicts spillover. Also, the porous borders affected Darfur during the chad and Libya civil wars. Chad and Libya, in other times, used...