ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Use of Predictive Policing in Managing Crimes in Major Cities in the United States

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Brantingham, P. J. (2017). The logic of data bias and its impact on place-based predictive policing. Ohio St. J. Crim. L., 15, 473. https://kb.osu.edu/bitstream/handle/1811/85819/1/OSJCL_V15N2_473.pdf

In this article, Brantingham reviews the impacts of the logic data bias has on place-based policing. The author used a simulation experiment to map how implicit biases can affect police data and percolate through algorithmic predictive policing initiatives. The study's prime focus was the different biases that might occur when gathering predictive policing data and their impacts on the entire process. The article is helpful in my research, as Brantingham argues that various biases such as upgrading and downgrading affect predictive policing exercise and final results. The prime limitation of this study is that it is not realistic because it focused on random simulation uniform downgrading upgrading of crimes, making it unrealistic. Hence, the author advocates for a future study to look into a more complex bias mechanism. This text will form the basis of my research, but it will be helpful supplementary information for my research on using predictive poling in managing crime in major cities in the U.S.

Brantingham, P. J., Valasik, M., & Mohler, G. O. (2018). Does predictive policing lead to biased arrests? Results from a randomized controlled trial. Statistics and public policy, 5(1), 1-6. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/2330443X.2018.1438940

In this research, Brantingham et al. seek to determine whether predictive policing can result in biased arrests. The authors used the randomized controlled trial to collect data from several national organizations such as NAACP and ACLU to determine whether predictive policing encourages directed police control to minority groups due to description. This article is helpful in my study as Brantingham et al. argued that there is a direct correlation between predictive and arrest of innocent members of minority communities based on discrimination. The major limitation of this study it did not provide whether arrests are systematically biased. According to the authors, further empirical scrutiny is needed to guard against bias in predictive policing. This article will form the basis of my research on the use of predictive policing in managing crime in major cities in the US.

Ferguson, A. G. (2016). Policing predictive policing. Wash. U.L. Rev., 94, 1109. Ferguson, A. G. (2016). Policing predictive policing. Wash. U.L. Rev., 94, 1109. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6306&context=law_lawreview

Ferguson reviews the evolution of predictive policing in managing crime in this research work. The author used data obtained through a survey in major cities in the U.S to identify the development of predictive policing since it was implemented for the first time. This article is helpful in my research since the author maintains that major US cities such as New York, Carolina, and Florida have installed new predictive software to counter property and theft crimes. This article will not Form my fundamental research; however, it will be helpful supplementary information for my research on using predictive policing to manage crime in major cities in the United States of America.

Gandy Jr, O. H....